The Human Generation Of Sound Health And Social Care Essay

IntroductionWorlds, by nature, generate sound either through communicating or their activity both through a effect or deliberate. However, whilst this may be intended to be heard by a specific individual or group, due to its really nature, sound will go and be heard by those for whom it was n't intended. This will constantly take to disturbance and in some cases, have a bearing on the receiving systems wellness. Noise and sound demand to be carefully distinguished. Sound is a term used to depict wave-like fluctuations in air force per unit area that occur at frequences that can excite receptors in the interior ear and, if sufficiently powerful, be appreciated at a witting degree. Noise implies the presence of sound but besides implies a response to sound: noise is frequently defined as unwanted sound ( HPA ) . In ancient Rome, regulations existed to forestall noise from the wheels of waggons on cobbled rocks, from upseting slumber. In certain Medieval European metropoliss, to guarantee peaceable slumber for the dwellers, it was non permitted to drive Equus caballus passenger cars or sit horseback during the dark. The noise jobs of the yesteryear can non be compared to those of today. The industrial revolution permitted mechanization, which in bend led to increased productiveness. The accent was more on increasing production, overlooking the noise that this addition led to. Cheaper, more cost-efficient production is a driving force in economic development. However, new procedures introduced on evidences of cost-effectiveness are frequently noisier than old 1s. This in bend leads to lifting degrees of ambient noise. Such noise can be non merely raging, but besides damaging to the wellness, and is increasing with economic development, peculiarly in developing states. As the population grows, the beginnings of noise addition and go of all time more powerful, taking to an increased exposure to resound pollution. Noise, even at degrees that are non harmful to hearing, is subconsciously perceived as a danger signal. The organic structure ‘s reaction to resound is a ‘fight or flight ‘ response, with attendant nervous, hormonal, and vascular alterations that have far making effects. Unlike our eyes, which we can close to except unwanted ocular input, we can non close our ears to except unwanted auditory input. Our hearing mechanisms are ever ‘on ‘ even when we are asleep. One-half of the UK population lives in countries where daylight sound degrees exceed WHO ( 1999 ) Guidelines for Community Noise while two tierces live in countries that exceed night-time degrees, harmonizing to a recent Health Protection Agency study. This means the quality of life of 1000000s of people in the UK is being adversely affected by environmental noise. What is less clear is how this affects their wellness ( CIEH ) . The assorted sounds in our environment to which we are exposed to can be viewed as being either necessary ( desirable ) or unneeded ( unwanted ) . One might see the sounds produced in and around our places by refuse disposals, dish washers, apparels washers and driers, iceboxs, furnaces, air-conditioners, yard care equipment, and the many other mechanised clip – and labour – economy devices, which we all use and enjoy, as being necessary. We are exposed to the noise of wireless, telecasting, and related engineerings ; kids are exposed to a broad assortment of noisy playthings. There are legion other such illustrations of machines or activities that produce sounds that are tolerated because they accompany a coveted activity or they serve an of import societal intent, such as the Sirens of exigency vehicles. But what about sounds that accompany an unsought activity, that have no social importance, or that we consider unneeded? In general, sounds that we deem unwanted or unneeded are considered to be noise. Our society is beset by noise, which is intrusive, permeant, and omnipresent ; most of import of all, it is unhealthy. Most sensible people would hold that much of the environmental noise to which we are subjected serves no utile intent and is hence unwanted. The assortment of noise polluting devices and activities is big and seems to be turning on a day-to-day footing, although there is no consensus about what points are utile and desirable or noise polluting and unneeded. Research carried out for the Wilson Report published in 1963 established that there was considerable possible for a broad scope of environmental noise jobs in the UK to increase. In Environmental Protection UK ‘s ( EPUK ) National Noise Survey 2008, study participants were asked to what extent they are affected by noise when they are in their places. One in six ( 17 % ) are bothered, annoyed or disturbed by noise from neighbors inside their places – a similar proportion to that found in 2007 ( 18 % ) . One in five people are bothered, annoyed or disturbed by noise from their neighbors outside their places – significantly fewer than in 2007 ( 20 % and 25 % severally ) . Merely over a one-fourth of people are bothered, annoyed or disturbed by their neighbors either inside or outside their places ( 26 % ) , compared to 30 % in 2007. One in 10 are bothered, annoyed or disturbed by noise from pubs/clubs/entertainment locales ( 9 % ) and commercial premises ( 10 % ) , as in 2007 ( 10 % and 9 % severally ) . Historically, a national noise study carried out in 1990 ( 2 ) showed that mean noise degrees outside houses had barely changed since a similar study was conducted in 1972 ( 3 ) . In 1993, the Institute of Environmental Health Officers ( now the Chartered Institute of Environmental Health – CIEH ) reported a 320 % addition over the predating 10 old ages of neighbour noise ailments. Since so, the CIEH statistics show that over the 5-year period between 1992/93 and 1997/98, domestic noise ailments rose to approx. 148,000 per twelvemonth. This equates to a 60 % addition per twelvemonth since 1992/93. In its National Noise Survey conducted in 2001 ( 4 ) , the National Society for Clean Air and Environmental Protection ( now EPUK ) reported that amplified music remains the biggest beginning of ailment in England. However, the tendency appears to hold levelled off over the last few old ages. Noise affects everybody in mundane life – at place, at leisure, during slumber, when going, and at work. However, worlds are non able to close off the noise. Hearing is a lasting procedure utilizing cortical and subcortical constructions to filtrate and construe acoustical information ; the analysis of acoustical signals is indispensable for human endurance and communicating. Noise is damaging to wellness in several respects e.g. hearing damage, sleep perturbation, cardiovascular effects, psychophysiologic effects, Furthermore, noise has widespread psychosocial effects including noise irritation, reduced public presentation, and increased aggressive behaviour [ American Academy of Pediatrics 1997 ; World Health Organization ( WHO ) 2001 ] . The World Health Organisation inspired noise guidelines province that inordinate exposure to community and environmental noise amendss wellness. The WHO guidelines for community noise recommend less than 30 A-weighted dBs ( dubnium ( A ) ) in sleeping rooms during the dark for a slumber of good quality and less than 35 dubnium ( A ) in schoolroom to let good instruction and learning conditions. The WHO guidelines for dark noise recommend less than 40 dubnium ( A ) of one-year norm ( Lnight ) outside of sleeping rooms to forestall inauspicious wellness effects from dark noise. Harmonizing to a European Union ( EU ) publication: – approximately 40 % of the population in EU states is exposed to route traffic noise at degrees transcending 55 dubnium ( A ) ; 20 % is exposed to degrees transcending 65 dubnium ( A ) during the daylight ; and more than 30 % is exposed to degrees transcending 55 dubnium ( A ) at dark. Merely limited international figures are available on the wellness impact of environmental noise in the European Region. Preliminary estimations will be published in 2010. Who is most affected? Some groups are more vulnerable to resound. As kids spend more clip in bed than grownups, they are more open to dark noise. Chronically sick and aged people are more sensitive to disturbance. Shift workers are at increased hazard because their sleep construction is under emphasis. In add-on, the less flush who can non afford to populate in quiet residential countries or have adequately insulated places, are likely to endure disproportionately.WHOThe United Nations ‘ specialised bureau for wellness is the World Health Organisation ( WHO ) . It was established on 7 April 1948 and its aim, as set out in its Constitution, is: –‘the attainment by all peoples of the highest possible degree of wellness ‘The Constitution defines wellness as: –‘a province of complete physical, mental and societal wellbeing and non simply the absence of disease or frailty ‘ .The WHO is governed by 192 Member States through the World Health Assembly. The Health Assemb ly is composed of representatives from its Member States. Two of the undertakings of the World Health Assembly are to: – . Promote healthy life styles and cut down the hazard factors to human wellness that arise from environmental, economic, societal and behavioral causes, and Manage information by measuring tendencies and comparing public presentation ; puting the docket for, and exciting research and development. The WHO defines Community noise ( besides called environmental noise, residential noise or domestic noise ) as: –‘noise emitted from all beginnings except noise at the industrial workplace ‘The chief beginnings of community noise include route, rail and air traffic, industries, building and public work, and the vicinity. The chief indoor beginnings of noise are airing systems, office machines, place contraptions and neighbors. Typical vicinity noise comes from premises and installings related to the catering trade ( eating house, cafeterias, discotheques, etc. ) ; from live or recorded music ; sport events including motor athleticss ; resort areas ; auto Parkss ; and domestic animate beings such as barking Canis familiariss.Guidelines for Community NoiseSince the 1970 ‘s, the WHO has considered environmental noise to be a major job. This ab initio led to Document 12 – Environmental Health Criteria for Noise ( 9 ) being published in 1980. Constructing o n the recommendations of this papers, a study was published in 1986 by the WHO regional office in Europe on the appraisal of the noise impact on the urban environment ( 10 ) . In 1992, a WHO undertaking force greatly expanded Document 12 which led to the first WHO guidelines on Community Noise. These guidelines were so revised, updated and included issues associating to environmental noise appraisal and direction. This now constitutes the new Guidelines for Community Noise ( 5 ) . The guidelines suggest that to protect the bulk of people from being earnestly annoyed by noise, during the daylight, the LAeq in out-of-door life countries should non transcend 55dB. If this value drops to 50dB, so the irritation factor becomes moderate for most people. Indoors, the degrees are farther reduced to 35dB during the daylight and 30 at dark. The guidelines besides considered noise degrees at which sleep perturbation may take topographic point. The guidelines suggest that an internal LAeq non greater than 30dB for uninterrupted noise is needed to forestall negative effects on slumber. This is tantamount to a facade degree of 45dB LAeq, presuming unfastened Windowss or a free-field degree of approximately 42dB LAeq. ( It has by and large been assumed that an unfastened window provides 10-15dB of fading, and the WHO guidelines assume the higher fading of 15dB ) . If the noise is non uninterrupted, so the internal degree required to forestall negative effects on slumber is 45dBLAmax. However, for sensitive people, lower degrees may be necessary. Hence for sleep perturbation, the uninterrupted degree every bit good as the figure and degree of noisy events should be considered. ( Case Law? ) The extent of the noise job should non be underestimated. As can be seen in table 1, the figure of European states exposed to high degrees of environmental noise is rather surprising. Table 1 – Percentage of populations in European states exposed to ambient degrees over 65dB LAeq,24hour ( 11 ) Noise degrees between 60 and 65dBLAeq well increase irritation and those above 65dBLAeq earnestly harm the sensed quality of life. More than 30 % are exposed to night-time degrees transcending 55dBLAeq taking to kip perturbation. The most recent national study carried out in England and Wales ( 2 ) showed that approx. 56 % of the population was exposed to daylight degrees transcending 55dB LAeq and approx 65 % exposed to night-time degrees transcending 45dB LAeq.The Hearing MechanismAll sound, and noise, is received by the auditory system. Therefore in order to understand the effects of sound, we need to understand the mechanics of hearing. The human ear is an unbelievable organ being able to observe hardly hearable sounds, runing from the rustling of foliages to sounds such as a jet engine, which are a million times greater and can really physically damage the intricate parts of the interior ear. Figure 2 – The Outer, Middle and Inner Ear The three parts of the ear are shown in figure 2. The ear consists of three basic parts – the outer ear, the in-between ear, and the interior ear. Each portion of the ear serves a specific intent in the undertaking of observing and construing sound. The outer ear serves to roll up and impart sound to the in-between ear. The in-between ear serves to transform the energy of a sound moving ridge into the internal quivers of the bone construction of the in-between ear and finally transform these quivers into a compressional moving ridge in the interior ear. The interior ear serves to transform the energy of a compressional moving ridge within the interior ear fluid into nervus urges, which can be transmitted to the encephalon. The outer ear consists of an earlap and an about 2-cm long ear canal. The earlap provides protection for the in-between ear in order to forestall harm to the tympanum. The outer ear besides channels sound moving ridges, which reach the ear through the ear canal to the tympanum of the in-between ear. Because of the length of the ear canal, it is capable of magnifying sounds with frequences of about 3000 Hz. As sound travels through the outer ear, the sound is still in the signifier of a force per unit area moving ridge, with an jumping form of high and low force per unit area parts. It is non until the sound reaches the tympanum at the interface of the outer and the in-between ear that the energy of the mechanical moving ridge becomes converted into quivers of the interior bone construction of the ear. The in-between ear is an air-filled pit that consists of an tympanum and three bantam, interrelated castanetss – the cock, anvil, and stirrup. The tympanum is a really lasting and tightly stretched membrane, which vibrates as the incoming force per unit area waves reach it. Compaction so forces the tympanum inward and a rarefaction forces the tympanum outward, therefore vibrating the tympanum at the same frequence of the sound moving ridge. Bing connected to the cock, the motions of the tympanum will put the cock, anvil, and stirrup into gesture at the same frequence of the sound moving ridge. The stirrup is connected to the interior ear ; and therefore the quivers of the stirrup are transmitted to the fluid of the in-between ear and make a compaction moving ridge within the fluid. The three bantam castanetss of the in-between ear act as levers to magnify the quivers of the sound moving ridge. Due to a mechanical advantage, the supplantings of the stirrup are greater than that of the cock. Furthermore, since the force per unit area wave striking the big country of the tympanum is concentrated into the smaller country of the stirrup, the force of the vibrating stirrup is about 15 times larger than that of the tympanum. This characteristic enhances our ability of hear the faintest of sounds. The in-between ear is an air-filled pit, which is connected by the Eustachian tubing to the oral cavity. This connexion allows for the equalisation of force per unit area within the air-filled pits of the ear. When this tubing becomes clogged, e.g. during a cold, the ear pit is unable to equalise its force per unit area ; this will frequently take to otalgias and other strivings. The interior ear consists of a cochlea, the semicircular canals, and the auditory nervus. The cochlea and the semicircular canals are filled with a water-like fluid. The fluid and nervus cells of the semicircular canals provide no function in the undertaking of hearing ; they simply serve as accelerometers for observing accelerated motions and helping in the undertaking of keeping balance. The cochlea is a snail-shaped organ, which would stretch to about 3 centimeters if unravelled. In add-on to being filled with fluid, the interior surface of the cochlea is lined with over 20,000 hair-like nervus cells, which perform one of the most critical functions in our ability to hear. These nervus cells have a difference in length by small letter sums. They besides have different grades of resilience to the fluid, which passes over them. As a compressional moving ridge moves from the interface between the cock of the in-between ear and the egg-shaped window of the interior ear through the cochlea, the little hair-like nervus cells will be set in gesture. Each hair cell has a natural sensitiveness to a peculiar frequence of quiver. When the frequence of the compressional moving ridge matches the natural frequence of the nervus cell, that nervus cell will vibrate with a larger amplitude of quiver. This increased vibrational amplitude induces the cell to let go of an electrical urge, which passes along the auditory nervus towards the encephalon. In a procedure, which is non clearly understood, the encephalon is capable of construing the qualities of the sound upon response of these electric nervus urges.Sound or Noise?Sound can be defined as ‘any force per unit area fluctuation ( in air, H2O or other medium ) that the human ear can observe ‘ ( 4 ) . If the fluctuations in atmospheric force per unit area occu r quickly, i.e. at least 20 times per second, they can be heard and are hence called sound. Noise has been defined in a figure of ways. It has been defined as ‘a figure of tonic constituents disagreeable to adult male and unbearable to him because of the uncomfortableness, weariness, agitation, and in some instances, the hurting it causes ‘ ( 4 ) . Simplified, it is defined as ‘sound which is undesired by the receiver ‘ ( 1 ) Sound, hence, becomes noise when it becomes unwanted. Noise can be considered unsought or unneeded sound of such a degree, continuance or type to upset our work or remainder periods, either at place or off. Although it might be thought that noise has to be highly loud to do an feeling, other noises can every bit rag us. The existent job lies in the fact that our ears are invariably receptive to resound. Unfortunately there is no volume button on the ear to turn the volume down, so we therefore seek to smother the noise by a assortment of steps. We put in earplugs, have dual, secondary and even acoustic glazing installed and in some instances, really alter our day-to-day wonts. It has been known for some people to kip during the twenty-four hours to acquire some alleviation from the nocturnal wonts of their neighbors. In utmost instances, people merely move to a new, more peaceable environment. Those who are non in a place to travel might merely hold to set up with the noise. However, the changeless hearing of noise can hold a marked psychological consequence on the organic structure. It is the reading of sound by the encephalon that is the Southern Cross of the affair. Sound can excite the encephalon into taking some signifier of reaction. We hear the telephone ring and the encephalon thinks that there is of import information on the other terminal of the phone so we answer it. However the changeless noise from loud music is interpreted by the encephalon as raging. We so therefore act in some manner to these messages. We become unhappy, angry or even desperation. This in bend causes stress, as it non merely reduces our quality of life, it really harms us. Medical grounds has proven that the human organic structure ‘s reaction to emphasis is to let go of endocrines, which increase our blood force per unit area, fasten the musculuss and increase our take a breathing. All this can hold a damaging consequence on our organic structures. From a societal position, noise and the attendant emphasis can convey out the worst in all of us. The blood begins to boil and enragement ensues. We would ne'er hold imagined old ages ago, that noise would bring on a violent even homicidal reaction. Sadly, as is reported in the media, some people have reached their tolerance degrees and have really attacked the culprit, in some instances fatally.IrritationIrritation has been defined as â€Å" a feeling of displeasure associated with any agent or status known or believed by an person or group, to adversely impact them † ( 9 ) It has besides been defined as ‘a feeling of displeasure evoked by a noise ‘ ( 5 ) and ‘any feeling of bitterness, displeasure, uncomfortableness and annoyance happening when a noise intrudes into person ‘s ideas and tempers or interferes with activity ‘ . ( 5 ) Noise irritation is simple in construct yet the susceptibleness of people to resound, and the degree of irritation they experience, varies widely as the beginnings of noise in society are every bit widespread and varied. The grade of irritation is itself dependent on the quality of the sound and the attitude of the receiver. As it is hard to foretell exactly the reaction of a peculiar person to a noise, there can be no warrant that any one set of steps will better a peculiar state of affairs for all those exposed to it. Research workers in the Journal, Noise Management ( 13 ) , found that irritation frequently occurred at comparatively low degrees. They concluded that instead than the volume of the noise, it is the difference between the degree of the ambient noise and the degree of the intrusive noise that determines ‘nuisance ‘ . As noise itself is subjective, it is clearly influenced by a figure of non-acoustic factors such as personal, attitudinal and situational factors in add-on to the existent noise ( 14 ) . It is a affair of personal tolerance. Some people enjoy listening to loud music but others might happen it intolerable and prefer listening to music at a much lower degree. Fig. 3 – Noise irritation in a community scene ( 15 ) Figure 3 shows one of many possible readings of the assorted underlying relationships between noise and irritation demoing both direct ( A ) and indirect ( B ) links. There have been legion methods to seek to quantify irritation. Some involved a series of inquiries and irritation rated from the figure of ‘yes ‘ and ‘no ‘ replies. Others rated it on a numerical graduated table or into ‘high ‘ , ‘moderate ‘ or ‘low ‘ classs. Current sentiment favours the latter due to it being simple and its consequences are linked with those of the more complicated steps of reactions. A figure of studies have besides been carried out to seek to quantify irritation. These normally involved noise around beginnings of conveyance noise and airdromes, one of which was commissioned by the Wilson Committee and carried out in 1961 at London Heathrow Airport ( 1 ) . The consequences of the study led to the Noise and Number Index ( NNI ) which gave proportionally, more weight to Numberss than the energy regulation and was used to depict noise around British airdromes. It was replaced in 1990 by LAeq, 16hour. Further research has indicated that the energy regulation is more realistic than the NNI expression due to its built-in simpleness and convenience, as, in footings of irritation, there seems to be small difference between the assorted figure weightings. This has led to the widespread acceptance of LAeq, mensurating the sound energy easy utilizing an incorporating sound degree metre. It is common pattern to utilize the ‘A ‘ Weighting sound force per unit area degree as it corresponds most closely to the response of the human ear. Figure 4 shows how the ‘A ‘ Weighting is highest at the low frequences, i.e. it discriminates most against low frequences, particularly those below 500Hz. This is where human hearing is least sensitive. It is lowest in the scope of 1 – 4KHz where our hearing is most sensitive, and it starts to increase at higher frequences where hearing sensitiveness beads off ( 16 ) . The A-weighted curve is based on the response of the human ear to sounds of medium volume ( the 40 phons loudness contour ) and is intended to match with the worlds perceptual experience of volume. This A-weighting graduated table is designed for noises of medium volume i.e. for sound force per unit area degrees up to 55dB, the sensitiveness of the human ear to different frequences varies less at higher sound force per unit area degrees, hence the weighting needs to change harmonizing to volume. For this intent the B and C burdening graduated tables were developed – the B graduated table intended for sound force per unit area degrees between 55 and 85dB and C for sound force per unit area degrees above 85dB. 20 50 100 200 500 1K 2K 5K 10K 20K Frequency in Hertz Fig 4 Relative response of A, B, C and D burdening graduated tables ( 17 ) The A-weighted sound force per unit area degree was originally developed as a simplified measuring of volume but has been used as an appraisal of noise irritation. This loudness measuring seems to give a moderately good correlativity to annoyance where the stimulation is wide set, shows no spectral extremums, is non-impulsive and frequence and degree are intermediate. Unfortunately typical vicinity noise irritation from amplified music is low degree, low frequence, complex in tone and repetitive and impulsive in nature. It is hence non surprising that measurings based on A-weighted sound force per unit area degree such as LAeq give a hapless correlativity to irritation. Health Effectss of Noise ( 18 ) An inauspicious consequence of noise is defined as a alteration in morphology and physiology of an being, which consequences in damage of functional capacity or damage of capacity to counterbalance for extra emphasis or addition in susceptibleness to the harmful effects of other environmental influences. This definition includes any impermanent or long term lowering of physical, psychological or societal operation of worlds or human variety meats. The WHO has documented seven classs of inauspicious wellness effects of noise pollution on worlds. Much of the following comes from the WHO Guideline on Community Noise and follows its format. The guideline provides an first-class, moderately up-to-date, and comprehensive overview of noise-related issues, as do the other recent reappraisals on this topic. 1. Hearing Damage: Hearing is indispensable for wellbeing and safety. Hearing damage is typically defined as an addition in the threshold of hearing as clinically assessed by audiology. Impaired hearing may come from the workplace, from the community, and from a assortment of other causes ( e.g. , injury, ototoxic drugs, infection, and heredity ) . There is general understanding that exposure to sound degrees less than 70 dubnium does non bring forth hearing harm, irrespective of the continuance of exposure. 1, 17 There is besides general understanding that exposure for more than 8 hours to sound degrees in surplus of 85 dubnium is potentially risky ; to put this in context, 85 dubnium is approximately tantamount to the noise of heavy truck traffic on a busy route. 1 With sound degrees above 85 dubnium, harm is related to sound force per unit area ( measured in dubnium ) and to clip of exposure. The major cause of hearing loss is occupational exposure, although other beginnings of no ise, peculiarly recreational noise, may bring forth important shortages. Surveies suggest that kids seem to be more vulnerable than grownups to resound induced hearing damage. 1 Noise induced hearing damage may be accompanied by unnatural volume perceptual experience ( loudness enlisting ) , deformation ( paracusis ) , and tinnitus. Tinnitus may be impermanent or may go lasting after drawn-out exposure. 1 The eventual consequences of hearing losingss are loneliness, depression, impaired address favoritism, impaired school and occupation public presentation, limited occupation chances, and a sense of isolation. 3, 19, 20 In 2001, it was estimated that 12.5 % of American kids between the ages of 6 to 19 old ages had impaired hearing in one or both ears. 21 Equally many as 80 % of simple school kids use personal music participants, many for drawn-out periods of clip and at potentially unsafe volume scenes. 19 There is small uncertainty that the usage of consumer merchandises, which produce progressively high degrees of noise and which are used with headsets or earpieces, is turning and may good be responsible for the impaired hearing that is being seen with turning frequence in younger people. 19, 22-24 This signifier of noise is mostly unregulated, despite warnings by the makers. In the immature, hearing loss affects communicating, knowledge, behaviour, social-emotional development, academic results, and later vocational chances. 25 These effects have been good documented in a figure of big scale probes in kids. 23 Leisure-time exposure, which is by and large unregulated, is increasing in other ways as good with attendant inauspicious effects. In a recent study, a bulk of immature grownups reported holding experienced tinnitus or impaired hearing after exposure to loud music at concerts or in nines. Very few ( 8 % ) considered loss of hearing a important job. Many of the respondents said they would be motivated to utilize ear protection if they were cognizant of the potency of lasting hearing loss ( 66 % ) or if such protection were advised by a medical professional ( 59 % ) . 22 Those working in nines, bars, and other topographic points of amusement are besides at hazard. It is good known that stone instrumentalists often have noise-induced hearing loss. Apart from the instrumentalists themselves, employees of music nines, where noise often exceeds safe degrees, are at hazard. 26 Therefore, about a 3rd of pupils who worked portion clip ( bar staff or security staff ) in a university amusement locale were found to hold lasting hearing loss of more than 30 dubnium. 27 The WHO recommends that unprotected exposure to sound degrees greater than 100 dubnium ( for illustration, the sound of a air hammer or a snowmobile ) should be limited in continuance ( 4 hours ) and frequence ( four times/year ) .1 The threshold for hurting is normally given as 140 dubnium ; a degree readily achieved in today ‘s boom-cars. Impulse noise exposure ( gunshot and similar beginnings of intense noise of brief continuance ) should ne'er transcend 140 dubniums in grownups and 120 dubnium in kids. Firecrackers, cap handguns, and other playthings can bring forth sufficient sound degrees to do sudden and lasting hearing loss. 19 Levels greater than 165 dubnium, even for a few msecs, are likely to do acute cochlear harm. 1 It is of import to retrieve to advocate patients that ears do non â€Å" acquire used † to loud noise. As the League for the Hard of Hearing notes – – they â€Å" acquire deaf. † 2. Intervention with Spoken Communication: In 1974, in an effort to protect public wellness and public assistance against the inauspicious effects of noise, the EPA published alleged safe degrees of environmental noise that would allow normal communicating both in and out of doors. 17 Noise pollution interferes with the ability to grok normal address and may take to a figure of personal disablements, disabilities, and behavioural alterations. These include jobs with concentration, weariness, uncertainness, deficiency of ego assurance, annoyance, misinterpretations, decreased working capacity, disturbed interpersonal relationships, and stress reactions. Some of these effects may take to increased accidents, break of communicating in the schoolroom, and impaired academic public presentation. 1, 5, 10, 11 Particularly vulnerable groups include kids, the aged, and those non familiar with the spoken language.1 3. Sleep Perturbations: Uninterrupted slumber is known to be a requirement for good physiologic and mental operation in healthy persons. 28 Environmental noise is one of the major causes of disturbed slumber. 1, 10 When sleep break becomes chronic, the consequences are mood alterations, decreases in public presentation, and other long-run effects on wellness and wellbeing. 3 Much recent research has focused on noise from aircraft, roadways, and trains. It is known, for illustration, that uninterrupted noise in surplus of 30 dubniums disturbs slumber. For intermittent noise, the chance of being awakened additions with the figure of noise events per night.1 The primary slumber perturbations are trouble falling asleep, frequent waking ups, waking excessively early, and changes in sleep phases and deepness, particularly a decrease in REM slumber. Apart from assorted effects on slumber itself, noise during sleep causes increased blood force per unit area, increased bosom rate, increased pulse amplitude, vasoconstriction, alterations in respiration, cardiac arrhythmias, and increased organic structure motion. 28 For each of these, the threshold and response relationships may be different. Some of these effects ( waking, for illustration ) diminish with perennial exposure ; others, peculiarly cardiovascular responses, do non. 29 Secondary effects ( alleged after effects ) measured the undermentioned twenty-four hours include weariness, depressed temper and wellbeing, and decreased public presentation. 30 Decreased watchfulness and disrupted circadian beat, which lead to accidents, hurts, and decease, have besides been attributed to miss of s lumber. 31 Long-run psychosocial effects have been related to nocturnal noise. Noise irritation during the dark increases entire noise irritation for the undermentioned 24 hours. Particularly sensitive groups include the aged, shift workers, individuals vulnerable to physical or mental upsets, and those with sleep disorders.1 Other factors that influence the job of night-time noise include its happening in residential countries with low background noise degrees and combinations of noise and quiver such as produced by trains or heavy trucks. Low frequence sound is more distressing, even at really low sound force per unit area degrees ; these low frequence constituents appear to hold a important damaging consequence on wellness. 32 4. Cardiovascular Perturbations: A turning organic structure of grounds confirms that noise pollution has both impermanent and lasting effects on worlds ( and other mammals ) by manner of the hormone and autonomic nervous systems. It has been postulated that noise acts as a nonspecific biologic stressor arousing reactions that prepare the organic structure for a â€Å" battle or flight † response. 1, 2, 6 For this ground, noise can trip both hormone and autonomic nervous system responses that affect the cardiovascular system and therefore may be a hazard factor for cardiovascular disease. 1, 2, 6, 11, 33- 36 These effects begin to be seen with long-run day-to-day exposure to noise degrees above 65 dubniums or with acute exposure to noise degrees above 80 to 85 dubnium. 1, 3 Acute exposure to resound activates nervous and hormonal responses, taking to impermanent additions in blood force per unit area, bosom rate, and vasoconstriction. Surveies of persons exposed to occupationa l or environmental noise show that exposure of sufficient strength and continuance additions bosom rate and peripheral opposition, increases blood force per unit area, increases blood viscousness and degrees of blood lipoids, causes displacements in electrolytes, and increases degrees of adrenaline, noradrenaline, and hydrocortisone. 3 Sudden unexpected noise evokes reflex responses every bit good. Cardiovascular perturbations are independent of sleep perturbations ; noise that does non interfere with the slumber of topics may still arouse autonomic responses and secernment of adrenaline, noradrenaline, and hydrocortisone. 29 These responses suggest that one can ne'er wholly â€Å" acquire used to † nighttime noise. Impermanent noise exposure produces readily reversible physiologic alterations. However, noise exposure of sufficient strength, continuance, and capriciousness provokes alterations that may non be so readily reversible. The surveies that have been done on the effects of environmental noise have shown an association between noise exposure and subsequent cardiovascular disease. 1, 2, 6, 33-36 Even though the increased hazard for noise-induced cardiovascular disease may be little, it assumes public wellness importance because both the figure of people at hazard and the noise to which they are exposed continue to increase. 1, 2 Childs are at hazard every bit good. Children who live in noisy environments have been shown to hold elevated blood force per unit areas and elevated degrees of stress-induced endocrines. 2, 11, 18 5. Perturbations in Mental Health: Noise pollution is non believed to be a cause of mental unwellness, but it is assumed to speed up and escalate the development of latent mental upsets. Noise pollution may do or lend to the undermentioned inauspicious effects: anxiousness, emphasis, jitteriness, sickness, concern, emotional instability, argumentativeness, sexual powerlessness, alterations in temper, addition in societal struggles, neuroticism, craze, and psychosis. Population surveies have suggested associations between noise and mental-health indexs, such as evaluation of well-being, symptom profiles, the usage of psychotropic drugs and kiping pills, and mental-hospital admittance rates. Children, the aged, and those with implicit in depression may be peculiarly vulnerable to these effects, because they may miss equal header mechanisms. 1 Children in noisy environments find the noise annoyance and describe a lessened quality of life. 10, 37 Noise degrees above 80 dubniums are associated with both an addition in aggressive behaviour and a lessening in behavior helpful to others. 38-40 The intelligence media on a regular basis report violent behavior originating out of differences over noise ; in many instances these differences ended in hurt or decease. The aforesaid effects of noise may assist explicate some of the dehumanisation seen in the modern, congested, and noisy urban environment. 2 6. Impaired Task Performance: The effects of noise pollution on cognitive undertaking public presentation have been well-studied. Noise pollution impairs undertaking public presentation at school and at work, increases mistakes, and decreases motive. 11, 41 Reading attending, job resolution, and memory are most strongly affected by noise. Two types of memory shortages have been identified under experimental conditions: callback of capable content and callback of incidental inside informations. Both are adversely influenced by noise. Deficits in public presentation can take to mistakes and accidents, both of which have wellness and economic consequences.1 Cognitive and linguistic communication development and reading accomplishment are diminished in noisy places, even though the kids ‘s schools may be no noisier than norm. 18 Cognitive development is impaired when places or schools are close beginnings of noise such as main roads and airdromes. 4, 11 Noise affects larning, reading, job resolution, motive, school public presentation and societal and emotional development. 3, 5, 10, 18, 42 These findings suggest that more attending demands to be paid to the effects of noise on the ability of kids to larn and on the nature of the acquisition environment, both in school and at place. Furthermore, there is concern that high and uninterrupted environmental noise may lend to feelings of weakness in kids. 11, 18 Noise produces negative after-effects on public presentation, peculiarly in kids. It appears that the longer the exposure, the greater the consequence. Children from noisy countries have been found to hold heightened sympathetic rousing indicated by increased degrees of stress-related endocrines and elevated resting blood force per unit area. 18 These alterations were larger in kids with lower academic accomplishment. As a whole, these findings suggest that schools and day-care centres should be located in countries that are every bit noise-free as possible.1 7. Negative Social Behavior and Annoyance Reactions: Irritation is defined as a feeling of displeasure associated with any agent or status believed by an person to adversely impact him or her. Possibly a better description of this response would be antipathy or hurt. Noise has been used as a noxious stimulation in a assortment of surveies because it produces the same sorts of effects as other stressors. 2 Irritation additions significantly when noise is accompanied by quiver or by low frequence constituents. 32 The term irritation does non get down to cover the broad scope of negative reactions associated with noise pollution ; these include choler, letdown, dissatisfaction, backdown, weakness, depression, anxiousness, distraction, agitation, or exhaustion. Lack of perceived control over the noise intensifies these effects. 1, 10Sleep PerturbationNoise during periods of slumber is able to adversely impact many facets of slumber. It may do primary effects during the sleep period, and secondary effects ( reduced perceived sleep quality, increased weariness, depressed temper or good being, and decreased public presentation ) that can be assessed the twenty-four hours after the night-time noise exposure. There are many factors that affect sleep quality. About 20 % of the population have kiping troubles, which are wholly unrelated to resound. Age, sex, attitudes and wellness factors override the impact of noise-induced sleep perturbation. Background noise degrees, addiction, sleeping room location, clip of dark and the character of any intruding noise besides influence sleep quality. Bearing this in head it is unrealistic and frequently impractical to put noise bounds to guarantee that slumber will non be affected in any manner.Intervention with Speech CommunicationHarmonizing to the Guidelines, noise intervention with speech comprehension consequences in a big figure of personal disablements, disabilities and behavioral alterations. Problems with concentration, weariness, annoyance, decreased working capacity and a figure of stress reactions have all been identified. Particularly vulnerable people are the hearing impaired, the aged, kids in the procedure of larning linguistic communi cation and reading. Speech intervention is fundamentally a cover procedure in which coincident interfering noise renders speech incapable of being understood. The higher the degree of the cover noise and the more energy it contains at the most of import address frequences, the greater the per centum of address sounds that become indiscernible to the hearer. Environmental noise may besides dissemble many other signals of importance for day-to-day life, such as door bells, telephone rings, dismay redstem storksbills, fire dismaies, and other similar sounds.Cardiovascular and Physiological EffectssNoise may hold a big impermanent and lasting impact on physiological maps in adult male. Epidemiologic and laboratory surveies involve workers exposed to occupational noise and general populations ( including kids ) life in noisy countries around airdromes, industries, and on noisy streets. The magnitude and continuance of the effects are determined in portion by single features, lifestyle behavior, and environme ntal conditions. Sounds besides evoke automatic responses, peculiarly when they are unfamiliar and have a sudden oncoming. Lab surveies have shown that if the noise exposure is impermanent, the physiological system normally returns to a normal or pre-exposure province within a clip in the scope of the exposure continuance, after the exposure terminates. If the exposure is of sufficient strength and capriciousness, cardiovascular and hormonal responses may look, including additions in bosom rate and alterations in blood force per unit area and hormonal degrees. The overall grounds suggests a weak nexus between long-run environmental noise exposure and high blood pressure and ischaemic bosom disease.Performance EffectssAdverse effects of noise on public presentation of cognitive undertakings have been studied in topics exposed to resound in laboratory scenes and in workers exposed to occupational noise in their usual work state of affairss. There are no published surveies of the effects of environmental noise at place on public presentation of cognitive undertakings on grownups. Deterioration in a figure o f cognitive and motivational effects of environmental noise on kids has been reported.Effectss on Residential Behaviour and AnnoyanceNoise can bring forth a figure of societal and behavioral effects in occupants every bit good as irritation. The societal and behavioral effects are frequently complex, elusive, and indirect. Social and behavioral effects include alterations in mundane behavior, inauspicious alterations in societal indexs and alterations in temper. A definition of irritation is quoted in the Guidelines as â€Å" a feeling of displeasure associated with any agent or status known or believed by an person or a group to be adversely impacting them. † However, apart from â€Å" irritation, † people may experience a assortment of negative emotions when exposed to resound, and may describe choler, weakness, anxiousness, distraction, agitation, or exhaustion. The term irritation does non cover all these negative reactions. A figure of surveies show that equal degrees of different environmental traffic and industrial noise beginnings give different magnitudes of irritation. Annoyance is indicated as a per centum of extremely irritated individuals in a population, and is given as a map of the twenty-four hours and dark uninterrupted tantamount sound degree. Noise accompanied by quivers and low frequence constituents or noise containing urges, affect the sum of irritation. Temporary stronger reactions occur when noise exposure is increased over clip compared with state of affairss with a stationary noise exposure. Equally, smaller than expected decreases in irritation from stationary state of affairss resulted from the debut of traffic noise protection barriers in residential countries.Mental Health EffectssEnvironmental noise is non believed to be a direct cause of mental unwellness but is assumed to be able to speed up and escalate the development of latent mental upset. The findings on environmental noise and mental wellness effects are inconclusive.DecisionPeoples have the right to take the nature of their acoustical environment ; it should non be imposed by others. That noise pollution continues to turn in range, assortment, and magnitude is unquestioned ; it is merely the extent of the growing that remains unknown. Noise exposure per Se is non believed to bring forth aggressive behaviour. However, in combination with aggravation, preexisting choler or ill will, intoxicant or other psychotropic agents, noise may trip aggressive behaviour. 38 Our intelligence is filled with illustrations of this sort of behaviour.

Healthcare Museum

Sandra HuppenbauerHealthcare has been and will always be a growing industry from new vaccines to new diseases. We would like to create a non-profit organization and open a Health Care Hall of Fame Museum. In this museum we will have various exhibits that have changed healthcare. I will give you a brief description of five that play a huge role in public health today. Public HealthVaccineFirst exhibit would be vaccine in the United States. Public health efforts have gained strength as the nation grew toward independence in the 1700s. World’s first vaccine was for smallpox in the 1970’s created by Edward Jenner. There were several events that helped better shape public health. There was a huge epidemic in 1793 yellow fever broke out in Philadelphia following the nations capital. Soon after congress had charged MHS with examining passengers on ships coming in that might have infectious diseases specifically for cholera and yellow fever. Also in1870’s and 1880â€℠¢s scientist in Europe gave evidence that microscopic organism were the issue of several infectious diseases. Moving forward to our latest era in 2008 through legislation enacted by Congress, NICHD be renamed the Eunice Kennedy Shriver National Institute of Child Health and Human Development at the institute’s 45th anniversary celebrationBirthThe second exhibit we would love to show case would be giving birth. Delivering babies has had a tremendous change in the healthcare industry. Starting back in the Middle Ages and renaissance. Barber-surgeons began trying monopolizing childbirth services. Women in that day and age were forbidden to practice medicine or midwifery, many midwives were accused of  being witches and killed. Men were only allowed in medical schools. Barger-surgeon delivered most babies. In 17l6 New York City required licensing of midwives. Licenses placed the midwife in the role of servant of the state, a keeper of social and civil order. Around the turn of century late 1800’s anesthesia was introduced.By 1920, doctors believed that â€Å"normal† deliveries were so rare that interventions should be made during every labor to stop trouble. 1930 The American Board of Obstetricians and Gynecology was established. This is just the for front of the timeline in the healthcare industry. There is a huge time line dating way back that would be great information in a hall of fame museum. To educate the public in birthing and what it has become today. GovernmentThird exhibit is how the government plays a huge role in public health. Prior to the great depression dated from 1929-41. United states citizens did not agree that the federal government should have any part with citizen’s health. But during the Great Depression the U.S citizens became desperate since then the governments role in the public health has expanded. Since that accrued two sections from the constitution were taken as allowing the federal government to interv ene in the nation’s health. The first is the ability to tax people to provide for the â€Å"general welfare.† This allows for the collection of money to be used in support of health programs. Second, the federal government has the ability to regulate commerce.The government can implement policies that limit the personal and property rights of individuals or businesses. This authority allows the rules and regulations of restaurants, sewage and water companies, product and drug safety, and other businesses that sell products to consumers. As citizens we go about our life not knowing the background or history in what we use in an everyday life the government has changed public healthcare drastically this is just a brief insight to what the government has done. TechnologyOver centuries, healthcare has changed the face of healthcare with new medical developments and techniques. For thousands of years, people have been playing, planning, and exploring with the hopes to find the mystery of the human body. Public health has always combined the best form in treating cancer, delivering babies to dealing with heart attacks. Doctors and  scientist have developed technology and improved techniques. The issue that doctors in this era face is broken medical systems and the right insurance company. Doctors will become better at tackling health problems and new techniques with technology as biomedical research improves.Still on going but improving, the three main changes that are revolutionizing public health today are electronic medical records, clinical practice and population science. In the last few decades, medical billing and coding has switched from being a paper-based system to a computerized format. Under HIPAA laws, medical practitioners had to develop new software in order to send out electronic bills. Healthcare continues to evolve and so does medical technology and its use in every aspect of the public health. Public Health InsuranceLastly, Health insurance has played a huge role and a on going development in the United States. Many believe the United States is on the edge of national healthcare reform. Healthcare cost seems to be unreasonable while 46 million American are uninsured. In the early 1900s proposals began to surface. In 1912, Theodore Roosevelt’s Bull Mosse party campaigned for health insurance. Moving to today’s day and age President Obama extends the state children’s Health Insurance program through 2013 and created the Obama care in with all citizens with the exception of some must have medical insurance. Public healthcare has developed from the World War to now, and is still continuing to change and evolve. This museum would be so beneficial to our organization and help educate and help our citizens better understand the history of public health.

Marketing Communications Coursework assignment

Marketing Communications Coursework - Assignment Example The factors are essential in identifying the motives of buyers and isolating the target market. Scholars refer to the five aspects as the Five M’s of Advertising. The Farmer is a television-advertising run by RAM using the Richards Agency situated in Dallas. Jimmy Bonner from Creative Group directed the advert while Paul Nelson was the producer. Most advertising managers find difficulty in comprehending consumers within appropriate strategic levels. Furthermore, they find it difficult to apply collected information in developing and creating alternative stands. However, putting using the means-end technique increases awareness on the factors that motivate consumers. The effectiveness of this approach is that it factors goals valued by people relating them to the qualities and features of the product in question. To evaluate RAM’s Farmer, this discourse applies the MECCAS framework. This model analyses a laddering model that is a specific interviewing aspect used by marketing communication consultants to unravel values attached by people on products. The approach is that laddering interviews fit into the means-end approach that the Meccas model applies during analysis. Differentiation does not constitute the only factor that facilitates selling of a product. The desirability of a product or a service depends on the connection that consumers have with their perception towards the same good or service. It is important to mention that the means-end approach is significant because of its ability to identify essential factors that motivat e consumers to buy goods and services. In addition, the model explains the relationship between the consumer’s motives and their attributes to products or service in market. Marketing communication consultants use market research in determining the goals of an advertising campaign in their marketing

Biofuel as alternative energy Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Biofuel as alternative energy - Essay Example Bioalcohol is composed of denaturized ethyl alcohol. This implies that the alcohol is transformed into an unviable substance for use (Scragg 2009). Basically, it is a form of alcohol that is obtained from fuel reserves. There are four distinct kinds of bioalcohol, namely, butanol, propanol, ethanol, and methanol (Scragg 2009). Bioalcohol is extracted from biological reserves. It cannot be ingested. Bioalcohol is used generally as a combination of petroleum and biofuel even though a number of new vehicles have the capacity to use 100% bioalcohol (Hayhurst 2003). An evident advantage of bioalcohol is that it can simply be produced practically anywhere there is organic life, flora and fauna. Factually any organic material can be transformed into bioalcohol with the application of biomass. Its burning process is clean or, basically, it does not emit any toxins (Hayhurst 2003). But there are disadvantages as well. One is that it requires substantial effort to guarantee that biomass is occurring correctly. Also, purchasing a flex fuel car may be more costly than an ordinary car, which may not be an attractive option to several consumers (Scragg 2009). There are also some issues with the production and use of bioalcohol. It is not used in majority of production or manufacturing procedures, which utilizes alcohol obtained from fossil fuels. Several scholars, particularly economists, claim that this fact reveals the economic impracticality of utilizing bioalcohol as a replacement for petroleum (Scragg 2009). Yet, a number of countries are now using bioalcohol, such as the United States and Brazil. Bioalcohol should be used because it reduces gas emissions that are generated by ordinary vehicles. Biodiesel is an ecological, recyclable, and renewable diesel fuel obtained from plant oil. It is an ideal replacement for diesel fuel

Design research proposal Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

Design research proposal - Essay Example The researcher will thus uncover the academic gap in this context and design an appropriate design that can effectively combine both the high and tech and the vending machine besides increased usability and convenience to curb the looming cases of disease since this is a public machine and hence serves various cohorts of individuals hence presenting higher chances of spread of contingency diseases. Vending machines are convenience common sources of snacks and beverages but most machines ignores healthy options. The foods and drinks in the vending machines have led to increased cases of obesity (public health problem). Youth and adults are at risks to develop type 2 diabetes, asthma, arthritis and heart disease. Despite the fact food vending machine avails food everywhere in America, food choices hazardous to health. Based on these limitation in the vending machine, there is an urgent need to unearth the possible effective design mechanism that if adopted will results in safety of vending machine users (The Nemours Foundation 2010). This can only be achieved through the incorporation of the high tech within the vending machine to curb the problem of spread of these catastrophic disease attached to faulty public vending machines. Many cities have thus designed effective restrictions and regulatory to the designers of these vending machines in order to meet the guideline requirem ents. It is upon this problems associated with most vending machines, the researcher seeks to investigate and design a machine that will minimize the spread of diseases associated with the public vending machines. The data collection through observation will be done both in the vending machine mall and the MU building on the University. The rationale for picking on these location was due to the mass coverage within short time. This will ensure observation’s effectiveness besides vast

Not for profit marketing Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Not for profit marketing - Essay Example Marketing eventually is there to help achieve profitability and long-term survival in business or organization. After all, the goal of every business is to achieve profitability and long-term survival. However, any activity in marketing which is outside the primary aim for profit is considered not-for-profit marketing (Cooper and Argyris, 1998). It avoids marketing practices that could be harmful to the society because it aims to develop fair and intelligent purchase decisions among consumers. However, not-for-profit marketing is not only applicable to businesses that substantially aim for profitability and long-term survival. The term profit cannot just be specifically focused on monetary value alone, but including other intrinsic values that could not be readily observed by the naked eye. When one heard about marketing, the ultimate concept that would come to mind is about business with the inclusion of the issue about profit, which is all about monetary value. However, not-for-profit marketing is also widely applicable among educational establishments, churches, politicians, national interest groups or charities, and any activities related to internal marketing (Cooper and Argy ris, 1998). Based on the above definition of marketing, it is essentially about satisfying individual and organizational objectives, but the entire thing about this could only be achieved if there is planning, execution and eventually creation of something else. A politician aiming to take his position after an election should basically learn to inform the public all necessary information about him that could potentially gain confidence on the part of the voters in voting for him. This eventually is an integral part of the not-for-profit marketing because the intention of the politician is just to develop among the people such a fair and intelligent decision. It is a kind

Summary of (How and Why) Athletes go Broke Essay

Summary of (How and Why) Athletes go Broke - Essay Example Ismail Rocket admits that he has lost millions of dollars out of total ignorance. Athletes tend to invest in highest-caliber private deals no more than 1 in 30 of which every works out as advertised. Conservative spending seems like a boring idea to the athletes. Instead, they prefer investing money in inventions, nightclubs, and other innovative ideas with a thrill of tangibility. The inflatable raft invention that Hunter invested $70,000 about five years ago was one such trap. The investment partner asked Hunter to invest up to $500,000 more. Upon Hunter’s refusal, the investment partner vanished along with the original money. Much money is lost when athletes attempt to sell their possessions at a much lower than justified price in urgency to make up for other losses they are incurring. An example is provided by Muhammad who after having his music company sued offers his 8,200 sq. foot lakeside estate with unique features for a price that is $800,000 lesser than his original demand. Athletes get into sports at such an early age that they miss out on colleges and are not formerly equipped with the knowledge of finance and accounting. Neither have they much sense nor much time to get into the intricate details of their financial matters. Saving and growing money requires very critical decisions that cannot be made without careful assessment of the pros and cons of each option. Lack of awareness about the industry standards robs athletes. Athletes give their financial matters in the hands of novice and often unfaithful friends and family members in their attempt to assist their friends and family members financially. They are careless and irresponsible in distribution of authority to others regarding their own financial matters. In 2001, Strickland asked his dad who was a retired lieutenant colonel in the Air Force to look over a real-estate deal in Georgia that was on sale for $1.8 million but whose price had been appraised by $3 million. His father clea rly wasn’t capable of making the right decision and consequently, Strickland had to far overpay for the piece of land than what it was worth. Most players don’t know how well they are doing because their financial matters are entirely in the hands of others. Many of the people they trust are actually frauds. Kirk Wright, the fund manager of Atlanta hedge was convicted on 47 fraud and money laundering counts and he had more than eight NFL players in his client list. Overpaying is common among athletes. A former major Dominian Republic leaguer who got his financial matters taken care of by an adviser he had trusted for 18 years paid $5,000 on two cars’ insurance monthly while Hunter could get away with paying only $250 a month for three cars. Divorce is the worst thing that can happen to an athlete financially. Pro athletes have a high divorce rate. Half of their net worth is routinely lost in divorce proceedings. The fact that most divorces happen in retirement a fter termination of the peak earnings period complicates the matters further. Athletes have a much lower prenups percentage compared to nonathletes that are at the same economic level. Calling off nuptials cost Dikembe Mutombo $250,000 when just a day before marriage, Michelle Roberts refused to sign a premarital contract. Children and aversion to family planning are additional family related causes. Athletes are

Case study Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words

Case study - Assignment Example e liable to pay capital gains tax on the sale value if the price at which he sells is higher than the market price of the shares on the date he inherited them. If the total gain is less than  £ 10,000, no tax is payable and of course, sale at a lower price also does not attract tax (HMRC, 2012). 3. Critical Illness Cover pays out a lump sum amount when a specified illness occurs, which for Kyle’s mother was a minor stroke. Once the claim amount is paid, the coverage ceases and she is not entitled to any other payments from the insurance company. A Permanent Health Insurance (PHI) policy would have paid her up to 65% of her pre-tax earnings until her normal date of retirement which is 65 years of age (Conner, 2013). When Kyle’s mother first considered insurance, the PHI policy would have been a better choice as it would have covered any medical condition that prevented her from working whereas the Critical Illness Policy would have covered only a specified list of ailments. Since a medical condition that prevents work could occur at any age, the PHI policy would have paid her money each year until her scheduled retirement age (Bevis, 2009). For Kyle’s mother, the question now is whether the  £ 68,000 lump sum she received from her Critical Illness policy at the age 59 is better than 65% of her earnings for 6 years that she would have received with the PHI policy. This question can be resolved by finding out the yearly payments a PHI policy would need to make for 6 years that would equal the present value of the lump sum she received. The interest rate is assumed as 5%. The calculation is made in the table below and shows that an annual payment of  £ 13,397.19 for 6 years from the PHI policy would have the present value that equals the lump sum of  £ 68,000. To get these annual payments, the mother’s annual salary when she had the stroke should have been  £ 20,611.06. 4. Kyle and Helen need to make a personal financial plan to meet both

The Role of NGOs in Chechen Conflict Research Paper

The Role of NGOs in Chechen Conflict - Research Paper Example When the Soviet Union dissolved in 1991, Chechnya, which was then part Chechen-Ingush Autonomous Republic in Northern Caucasus, also declared its independence. It was in December 1994 that the Russian Federation launched a military operation against the rebelling state. This ended in 1996 with a humiliating defeat for Russia, and Aslan Maskhadov was elected as Chechen President in 1997. However, despite of peace treaty signed between the two countries, Chechnya relapsed in a turmoil that the fairly elected president was unable to control. This was due to the destruction from the war, failure of Russia to provide promised war reparations, external interference by Islamic radicals, swelling crime and inter-Chechen enmities, which granted excuse to the Russian Prime Minister Vladimir Putin to launch a second war against Chechnya in 1999, in name of combating international terrorism, but with an obvious purpose of forcing Chechnya back into the Federation (Faurby, 1999). The combat continues as a guerrilla war with ample loss of life and resources on both sides and bleak prospects for hostilities to end soon. International humanitarian laws and human rights laws have been extensively violated on both sides. Reports estimate death toll to be around 80000 since, while the number of displaced to the neighbouring Dagestan is estimated to be 300000 (IRC, c.2006). Russian political leaders were insistent that the warfare was an internal matter for Russia, something that many western leaders were eager to approve, as they did not want the Chechen conflict to hinder their relations (Cornell, 1999). This was not only politically problematic, but also a breach of international laws. However, as the Non Governmental Organization (NGOs) like the Human Rights Watch and Amnesty International increase their activities in human rights field by bringing to light the violations and lobbying

Brothels and Convents in Renaissance and Measure for Measure Essay Example for Free

Brothels and Convents in Renaissance and Measure for Measure Essay In this investigation I will focus mostly on the regulation of both convents and brothels in the time period of Shakespeare and the early Renaissance. Ruth Mazo Karras’ â€Å"The Regulation of Brothels in Later Medieval England,† focuses exactly on this topic throughout England and other European countries during the Renaissance. In regards to the convents I will be looking closely at an article entitled â€Å"Subjects on the Worlds Stage: Essays on British Literature of the Middle Ages and the Renaissance,† written by David G. Allen and Robert A. White. The regulations of brothels in the Renaissance were regarded heavily. Karras says that women within these brothels were basically regarded as evil and as sinners yet they remained occupying the position of prostitution solely because of the sexual appetite of men; these brothels were considered â€Å"†¦a necessary evil† (Karras). The first parallel between women of convents and stews I came to find was that of the aspect of being forbidden from society in a sense. Women of convents were completely shut off from the public, no insiders could leave and no outsiders could come in (Allen). The only difference in the secrecy of these two places was the fact that the brothels were attended by men. Karras also states that the women of brothels were not given any rights that regular women had, â€Å"In some places, she was not allowed to reject any customer, indeed could not be raped because she was considered to belong to all men and thus had no right to withhold consent† (Karras). These two aspects of women’s lives in this time period play a major part in the drama Measure for Measure, and especially set up the scene in the opening act of the play. When Claudio sends for his sister, Isabel, to help him get out of jail, in which he was sentenced to death for having premarital (by the eyes of the church) sex with Juliet, Isabel leaves the convent in which she was about to take her vows in order to save her brother. Thus, we have an almost-nun and sinful intercourse immediately in Act 1, both directly related to the idea of convents and brothels and the women within these places. In this case, however, Juliet is not a prostitute but in the eyes of Angelo and the law is regarded as one because of her and Claudio’s unofficial and insufficient marriage.

Sector Analysis of the Nigerian Clothing Market

Sector Analysis of the Nigerian Clothing Market INTRODUCTION This section of the report is divided into segments and Im going to look into the sector analysis of the Nigerian clothing market through online databases, company reports, magazines, journal and newsletters. Kotler Gartner (2002) claim that PEST analysis is a functional considered tool for understanding market growth or decline, industry position, potential and direction for operations. In this report PEST analysis of the macro environment will be carried out to explore the factors that influence company policies; and Porters five forces will be used to understand the competitive environment of the industry. PEST analysis illustrate the political issues of a country which has to do the rules and regulation governing; economic forces which encompass the bargaining power and consumer purchasing patterns, interest rates and taxes. Next is technology which comprises of product development, innovation and inventions in the industry, online advert and new distribution methods. Finally social forces consist of change in life style, religion, fashion and roles models. Macro-environment This consists of the companys business suppliers, market intermediaries, buyer markets, competitors and the public (Kotler 2004.p:107). The most general layers of these environments are industry or sector and organisation which are again referred to as macro-environment. Thus, this consists of broad environmental factors that impact to a greater or lesser extent on an organisation. It is important to build up an understanding of how changes in the macro environment are likely to impact on a sector. These symbolize the uncontrollable factors of a business and how these factors (PEST) affect the Nigerian clothing industry is discussed below. Political Force Political forces play a vital role in business and it can be refer to the total sum of political, consumer protection, environmental regulations, employment law, competitive regulations, political trends, legal and regulatory forces which are enforced by the courts and regulatory agencies and are capable of controlling a companys marketing decisions and strategies (Dibb S. et al 1997). In Nigeria precisely, there are three main forces that make up the political environment and they are: Executive branch, legislative branch and judicial branch. It is necessary and mandatory for an organisation to stick to political rules and regulation governing their day to day business activities of the country (Brassington F. 2006) Nigeria today has an extended list of prohibited items. According to Business day (2009), Nigerian has up to 80 banned items in its prohibition list while countries like Sierra Leone, Congo and Guinea have none. Furthermore, Senegal has 4, Ghana 19, Republic of Benin 10, Cameroon 13 and Gambia 1. In Nigerias import prohibition list items such as sugar, sweet, soap, fruit juice, textile fabrics, shoes, tooth paste, envelopes, mosquito nets and biscuits. This is in short supply apparently because of inadequate capacity accounted for by the harsh operating environment. In the case of textiles, the most strong of them all, Nigerian had over 120 textile factories in 1980 and this period was refer to as the era of textile boom in Nigerian. But recently the figure has dropped to 45 as a result of productive capacity of the sector which is so low to the point that about 90 percent of textiles/fabrics needs of the country are being fed through importation (Business day 2009). According to the (Mail and Guardian 2009), Anyanwu, founder of the Ogodo label, said the industry began stirring only when Olusegun Obasanjo banned importation of foreign clothes in the late 1990s. Anyanwu further stressed that, this forced designers to look inwards and discovered their capabilities, and that the company Ogodo, meaning Igbo for clothing of â€Å"good quality† was founded and premiered at Nigerias fashion week in 2006 (mail and guardian 2009). The Nigerian government has banned the importation of printed fabric/textile products from entering into the country in other to guard its own ailing industries in Nigeria (BBC 2002). In spite of the outlaw on importation of fabric or clothing by the Nigerian government ever since the new democratic dispensation, there is still an increase in the purchase of foreign products like clothing by Nigerian consumers. Furthermore the law was implemented to enable the local industries to thrive in the very competitive clothing market and to discard increasing demand of foreign goods in the Nigerian market (BBC 2002). The Nigerian market is proliferated with the importation of foreign labels which already have global recognition, Okechukwu (1999). Importation of clothing goods into Nigeria often poses threat to the local manufacturers whose products are relatively unidentified in the country. However, there is no efficient regulatory body that governs designers. In the West and Southern part of Africa, stakeholders in any specialized industry form regulatory bodies whose primary tasks include: providing resources for members, engaging in public guidance principle and governmental relations with the regulation of makers of clothes, and establishing suitable industry practices to stay competitive both locally and abroad. Although, banning the importation of textiles/fabrics was meant to provide leverage for Nigeria in its dealings with its trading partners. In fact, the 1977 ban, for example, was the result of what the government deemed a self-sufficient Clothing and Textile industry. The government, arguably, got it right. As of 1980, Nigeria was ranked the third largest textile industry in Africa after Egypt and South Africa (Uduak 2009). Enforcing increased of government regulation in the Nigeria economy today, the rising price of oil, communication advancements and travel options have all led towards a growing market for brand names products in Nigeria. Moreover clothes is a prime product since it was geared toward customers in third world country where the per capital income was extremely low. From the continent of Africa, there was a war in Abeokuta, involving the Yorubas in western Nigeria. This war was the result of them [Yoruba] rejecting to wear items brought from the British Colonists and their preference to locally made Nigerian clothes and Yoruba outfits with the reason that it represented their culture and custom (Jean 2004:p.256). Bayfield cited in Jean (2004) argues that their act visibly illustrated to colonial authorities those elite were not only setting themselves apart from colonial authorities and values but also showing commitment both political and cultural to being Yoruba. Precisely, in Yoruba community, the types and quality of clothes they wear are significant and a Yoruba wardrobe includes imported textiles, Such as velvet and locally woven (Jean 2004:p.256). Economic force It is important for every firm to know the economy of the country were they operate in other for the business to expand. The factor of Economic forces make up marketing environment and it consists of issues ranging from effects of the present day economic situation in a country which are caused by the forces of buying power, consumption, supply and demand, and spending patterns. The factors mentioned determine the success and growth of any organisations marketing strategies but which are uncontrollable by the organisation (Dibb S. et al 1997). The Nigerian economy has been experiencing growth for the past 10 years which has brought light to Nigerian (GMID 2005). The Nigerian consumers are becoming fashion conscious due to the new fashion trends and development in the society today. A majority of adult and middle-aged consumers have developed tastes which are comparable to those of their counterparts in developed countries, as a result of the advent of satellite communication and internet which has further made the diffusion of information and knowledge easy to reach out to the Nigerian population. This reason partly accounts for the elevated spending on clothing as indicated in a study that was carried out by (GMID 2005). Again, GMIDs study in 2005 about the Nigerian consumers spending pattern revealed that a greater proportion of their total income is spent on clothing, which is ranked third, (5.36%) after food and shelter with 56.42% and 8.89% respectively. Realistically, Nigerian [locally] made clothes are cheaper as opposed to the imported ones as the cost of labour is comparatively low and the materials used are internal. Also, considering the cost of importing foreign good, and its associated duties at the countrys ports undoubtedly makes foreign goods including clothing deer to that of the traditionally made ones. One important factor which could influence the consumption pattern of the Nigerian consumers in the clothing industry is the income levels. As a developing country, with a per capita of $2,300 (Siakhenn, 2008), coupled with the current global economic crises, which has crippled employment, and making more redundant, Nigerian consumers might be Sceptical about spending, especially on more fashionable cloths, but which will be affected the most, local or imported? The Nigeria financial system is based on crude oil, agriculture and trades due to the transformation of colonial rules in late 19th century. The necessitate to pay taxes to the colonial government forced Nigerian farmers to restore food-producing crops with cash-producing crops, the Nigerian government decided to reduce their prices in other to resolve profit. Although the Nigerian petroleum industry developed in 1960 and 1970 has brought a massive increased exporting agriculture products, infrastructure, earnings, social service and huge investment in industry. In respect of this situation many large investments often joint venture with private corporations. The Nigerian gross domestic product was improving in 2007 with $165 billion. In respectively the gross domestic product has a wide range, most times depending on the oil market at that period because it varies like in 1985 it was $81 billion, $33.2 billion in 1994, $40.5 billion in 1995 this was increasing yearly and the total GDP per capital was $1,118.20 which was among the lowest in the world. The less privileged experience hard slap due to the Nigeria economic problems and importation of goods were expensive (Stock 2009). Company in Nigeria today are expending due to the fact that Nigerian consumer now patronize locally made clothes, this clothes are relative cheap and affordable which have good values for money, In respect of this the Nigeria consumer barging power of consumer have increase over time. Furthermore, the interest rate has an effect on different magnitude on each of the monetary total. Examples if there are high interest rates in different country of origin it will affect the Nigeria economic and price rates of product will be expensive, due to the fact that these goods are imported into Nigeria. Social force Social force is very necessary in business and it encompasses factors like culture, customer demographics, attitudes and how opinions are being formed (Brassington F. 2006). Thus, this social force has help marketer to study consumer buying pattern, motivation and consumer behaviour. In Nigeria Clothing symbolizes religious affiliation, in spite of the Nigerian limited disposable income; consumers are able to spend most of their income on amusement, holiday and fashion which are the things that are significant to working class. At this phase of their lives, they have no responsibilities and little or no savings. Thus, they can consequently spend all the income they earn. The young adults group in Nigeria has a relatively low purchasing power because most of them are just starting-off on their own. As a result, they tend to spend their income on more tangible goods such as cars, apartments and clothes. Though they are mindful of fashion, they are more conscious spenders than the studying age consumers. The middle-aged adults have higher purchasing power as they are more established in their careers and have attained some level of financial success. This group consequently are able to afford more luxurious clothing items (GMID 2007). These classifications will be u seful for evaluating the discrepancies between the various age segments. Generally in African fashion it is well known and it is treated more like as a cultural experience. The Nigerian society has frowned on fashion design as a serious profession. In reality norms and attitudes reveal a degrading â€Å"you cant be serious† attitude towards fashion. Clothing industrial in Nigerian society is blooming especially foreign label clothes because it differentiates the rich from the poor, due to the exposure of the western culture most consumers that go to other country of origin for schooling, working or business preferred their lifestyles and the ways they dress because it makes them expose (GMID 2007) The consumers buying pattern has change over time, they younger adults in Nigeria prefer to wear be best outfit and latest shoes due to the kinds of events and occasion they are attending, this reasons usually influence younger consumer to purchase. Furthermore most of the consumers in Nigeria are being influence by lifestyle trends and role models because in the society there are always news trends and development, this consumer want to meet up to standard by dress according to roles models. Technological Technology plays vital roles in an organisation and it is constant to change in nature, it is necessary for and establishment to follow the trends of technology so that the organisation will not be lacking behind. Technology has being so benefits to firms it terms of advertising, innovation processes and quality control. Technology has helped the fashion industry to improve tremendously. Since 1960 the Nigerian internet sector has suffered delay by the countries immature infrastructure, but recently things are changing as rivalry intensifies and new internet technology has been able to convey wireless broadband access across different state in Nigerian. Thus, Nigeria has experienced a large increase in Internet and broadband use over the past 10 years. And Improvements in technology has made broadband more available and faster through the use of communication industrial like mobile telecommunication network MTN, Nigerian mobile communication M-Tel and Globacom Glo which has increase the use of information search engines and has made it easier for consumers to search through different web sites and this makes it easier to reach customers as well as making it easier for customer to access competition. Therefore the technology has improved and the system and usage of communication in Nigeria. Statistics show that in 2000 the estimate population of Nigeria was 142,895,600 but the internet users were only 200,000. In the year 2006 there was a vast increase on internet usage and population growth in Nigerian. Thus, the population was 159,404,137 and the internet users rose to 5,000,000 (GMID 2005) which was a huge development. Technology is fast improving in the Nigerian economic with the effect of broad brand and wireless internet various purchase has being made and customer has also use this median to check what is happening in the fashion industrial and the new fashion trends. Furthermore companies like Collectibles in the fashion industry of Nigeria have been able to use the internet technology to publicize and advertise their different brands of Nigerian products and this has created awareness in the country. Thus, various consumer has made has made order for different verity of clothes through online because it is ease to access. Majority of the fashion industrial in Nigeria has an online shop in other to prevent query and crowd. An examples like during sales in Nigeria most consumer purchase their product online in other to reduce querying up in shop. Moreover, the impart of technology to the society of Nigerian has help the fashion industrials and other business in the countries in term of high volumes of production rates which has made establishment to grow and also companies has use the median of technology to advertise their various goods and service to the public which has created awareness and high volumes of sales. Thus, the impart of technology has made industrial to know the numbers of manpower to employ and be utilize per day. Competitive Environment The clothing Industries in Nigerian are faced with lot of competition. There are a lot of locally made fabrics that are popular in the market and also other retail sellers travel outside Nigeria to other countries to like china to shop. This is because they can get cheaper goods and other option when they come back they make their products cheap, affordable and enlighten in order to satisfy customer needs and wants. Thus, Nigeria likes fashion and there are lots of boutiques in the country meaning competition is quite high, though the quality of these goods does not match that of Collectibles the best fashion industry in Nigeria. Abe is huge market in Nigeria which is known for fashionable clothes outfits and accessories their product are usually called â€Å"Made in Nigeria goods†. In Nigeria, the community of Abe everyone has a sewing machine which the used in sewing clothing and consumer patronize them. A lot of shops in Nigeria get their clothing items from Abe, which is a local fashion market in Nigeria and they resell them in the other shops, these are Nigerian made clothes. There are also a large range of bigger Fashion outlets which has various branches across Nigeria such as Collectibles, Marbella culture, Charlotte Andrews collection, Bibis couture, De javu essence, Dee top choice, Wranglers and yeside fashion store. This means the level of competition in the fashion industry in Nigeria is very high. In analysing the competitive environment of clothing industry, Porters Five Forces model will be used. This model will help us have a better understanding of the competitive environment because the Porters five forces model does not just agree that competition is about direct competitors but it encompasses the entire possibility of all future indirect competitors (Brassington F 2006). Which are based on five factors and they include intensity of rivalry, new entrants, suppliers, buyers and substitutes (Jobber 2007). Intensity of rivalry in the Nigerian clothing sector In traditional economic model, Competition among rival firms drives profit to zero. The intensity of rivalry is a necessary factor when analysing the competitive environment because it deal with number of factors that companies have to understand before going into the industry for business and they include: structure of the competition, structure of costs, degree of differentiation, switching costs, strategic objectives and exit barriers. This made firms strive for competitive advantages over their rivals and this can be achieved through creation of relationships between quality, supplier and clothing industry. The intensity of the rivalry in the clothing sector in Nigeria market is really fierce. As theres free movement of goods to Nigeria from the African union, and also with the influx of Asian clothing shops, the competition for market share is intense (GMID2008). Collectibles has a number of rivals in clothing sector like Yeside fashion, Marbella culture, Charlotte Andrews collection, and De javu essence. Wranglers are seemed to be in serious competition with collectibles fashion industry. A wrangler has been able to attract consumers by creating its own brand clothing labels and stylish shoes which collectible has taken the lead in it. Through this median companies are obeying the laws passed on them by the government. This has increased the intensity of rivalry in the industry because most of the company are working towards common goals to become a market leader. Threat of new entrants New entrants in business have a way of raising the level of competition in a particular industry and in turn reduce its attractiveness. When an industry has too many companies competing against each other, this can be the reason for its unattractiveness and this can be as a result of the low entry barriers that some industries have which makes entry easy (Jobber D. 2004). Furthermore, Kotler 2004 in his writing stated that new entrants to industry bring new capacity and new ideas, the aspiration to gain market share. As a result of this the new entrants in industry the competition will be the higher and this could change major determents market environment like price, customer loyalty and market share. Furthermore, within the Nigerian clothing market, the possibility existing or new laws restricting new entrants seems bleak especially with current globalisation and the African Union enabling free movement of goods. Aside from external forces, there is also possibility that local investors will invade the clothing market, due to the lucrative nature of the sector (the collectible fashion). This is well explained by the rapid growth of Chinese products in Africa and more importantly, in Nigeria. A BBC (2005) article titled â€Å"should Africa embrace china†, confirmed that developing countries are gradually becoming the real victims of Chinas economic progress with goods, especially clothing, being imported into counties including Nigeria. Collectible has a strong attendance in the Nigeria market and has gained the attention of large population of Nigeria consumer which make it very difficult for new entrants to break into. Threat of substitute products According to five porters models substitute refer to products in other industrials and when an establishment has lot of substitutes it makes it unappealing to the consumer because they can easily switches from one product to another. The main factor behind substitutes in clothing market is the price and the style. Majority of consumer are attracted and motivated by the price of the products in the shops because most of the shops frequently have offers and sales promotions on products which attracts customers. The current price war among various shops in Nigeria has left smaller retailers having a difficulty in setting prices to be as low as leading retailers like collectible. Most shoppers are motivated by price and will substitute their regular shop for the next which offers a more attractive price list. The free entry and exit within the Nigerian clothing market, coupled with the greater importation of foreign clothes and the greater number of local clothes traders gives the consumer a number of choices. Threats of substitutes are really high and this has a significant impact on the prices and more importantly the power the consumer has. More substitutes mean that the customer has options, which, as noted by Porter, means that one producer cannot influence the market by ruling prices. In order to match each others competition strategies, due to the threats posed by substitutes, shop owners resort to various promotional strategies, which are normally ‘prices wars. The bargaining power of suppliers Supplier power is a reflection of buyer power and it represent a vital roles in industry competitive environment because if the bargaining power of suppliers is high then this will have an effect on the firms profitability this is as a result of increase the in cost of raw materials and subsequently the cost of finished products(Jobber D. 2004). Clothing market are increasing the standard of quality on their products which they get from suppliers and this has affected the relationship between retail companies and their various suppliers who have not been able to keep up with the new quality standard they require. The bargaining power of suppliers in Nigeria is really low. As noted by Porter (1979) when the bargain power of the suppliers is high, prices go up. This is the opposite of the Nigerian clothing sector. This is because though suppliers may be limited in number; most clothing retailers have their own manufacturers which are an integral part of their business. Thus most retailers use own brand/label, and this further echoes why the customers have such a high bargain power. Buyers According kippenberger (1998) states that it is often useful to distinguish potential buyer power from the buyers willingness or incentive to use that power, willingness that derives mainly from the â€Å"risk of failure† associated with a products use. Thus, Buyers refer to customer who patronise an organization and usually have more buyers bargaining power. (Lynch 2006). The size and concentration of customer is very vital and also buyer powers are very necessary because it influence the factor in clothing market as a result of high level of substitution of retailers. With the huge daily influx of clothes as explained above from overseas and with the existence of locally made ones, the bargain power of the Nigerian customer is really high. This is again backed by the fact that the number of choices available to the customers tends to drive the cost of clothes down in the country. Conclusion of sector analysis The sector analysis comprises of pest analysis and porters five forces theory which been use in this framework and it has help to analyses the Nigerian clothing market and also able to check the barriers and limitation of the market. In this analysis, secondary data was used to find out more information of the industrial and the perception of consumers towards foreign and locally made clothes which has giving the research more ideas to carried on to the next chapter which is the literature review.

Lab Report Of The Cells :: essays research papers

Introduction: The Cell, the fundamental structural unit of all living organisms. Some cells are complete organisms, such as the unicellular bacteria and protozoa, others, such as nerve, liver, and muscle cells, are specialized components of multicellular organisms. In another words, without cells we wouldn’t be able to live or function correctly. There are Animal Cells and Plant Cells. In Biology class the other day we studied the Animal Cell. We were split into groups of our own and we each picked a different animal cell slide to observe. My group chose the slide,'; Smeared Frog Blood ';.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  The Animal Cell is a little bit different than the Plant Cell for only a couple of reasons. One is how the Plant Cell has a cell wall and the Animal Cell doesn’t. The cell wall protects and gives structure to the cell. Then there is the Nucleus, which serves as a control center for the cell. Inside the Nucleus there are one or more Nucleoli. They are dense, granular bodies that disappear at the beginning of cell division and reappear at the end. Then you have the Cytoplasm. This is the watery material lying within the cell between the cell membrane and the nucleus. The Cytoplasm also contains organelles, which have specific functions in the cell metabolism. Then there are the Golgi Bodies, which serve as processing, packaging, and storage for the cell. These organelles package and ship things out. Another parts of the cell, a very important one in fact, are the Lysosomes. These organelles are used to break things down and contain enzymes. Method: First we placed the slide under the simple microscope and observed it at ten times magnification level. We each took turns looking. We then copied them as drawings into our Cornell notebooks. After that we changed the magnification to fifty times and observed the slide. We each took turns looking. We then copied what we saw into our Cornell notebooks. After that we changed the magnification level to sixty times and we each took turns looking at the slide. We then copied what we saw into our Cornell notebooks and sat down together. When we were all done drawing we spoke about what we seen and gave each other ideas on how to write our Lab Reports. Conclusion: In conclusion I have noticed that without cells we wouldn’t be able to function or neither without cell theory because we would not know how to treat our body or our cells.